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java的基础语法知识
有关分词的基础语法知识
导语:分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词,分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。下面我向大家分享有关分词的基础语法知识,欢迎参考!
分词也是动词的另一种非谓语形式,有-ing形式与-ed形式两种。由于前面已经讲过动名词,这种形式跟-ing是一样的,所以这讲,着重讲解-ed分词。
-ed分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ing分词有一定的区别。
一、-ed分词作表语
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受、状态(系词+分词)。如:
We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.
我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣。
She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door.
她被门外突然的吵闹声吓住了。
可以用作表语的常见过去分词有:
amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, faded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unknown, upset, worried等。
二、作定语的-ed分词
-ed分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句。
1.-ed分词可以作前置定语,此时,分词与名词之间有两种语义关系:一种是分词表示主动意义;一种是分词表示被动意义。如:
He is a retired worker.
他是一个退休工人。
This is a newly-developed device.
这是一个新开发的工具。
2.-ed分词作后置定语时,其功能相当于一个定语从句。如:
She likes to drink cold boiled water.
他喜欢喝凉白开。
They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
他们正在视察被暴风雨毁坏的房屋。
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from ______ interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
[A] earn
[B] earned
[C] to earn
[D] was earned
解析:B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D;根据题意,“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”,有被动之意,所以选B。
2) On his return from his _______ college, he found the house.
[A] deserting
[B] deserted
[C] desert
[D] to be deserted
解析:B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃,没人住”,是被动的意义,而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式,一般表示将来或具体动作,所以D也不对。
3) 改错:The age [A] of a geological sample can be estimated [B] from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present [C] in the object is examined [D].
解析:D错。应去掉多余的“is”,使-ED分词“exaamined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词,它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“the ratio...carbon”。
三、用作状语的-ED分词
这样的-ed分词通常来自及物动词。-ed分词用作状语时,跟-ing分词作状语时一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原因,伴随状况等。-ed分词结构作状语,前边往往可以加when, while, if, as if, though。这时,我们可以把-ed分词结构理解为一个省略句,即省去了“主语和be的变化形式”。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。
1. 表示时间
4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901, ______focused on domestic rather than oreign policies.
[A] William McKinley's new term looked forward to and
[B] the new term looked forward to William McKinley and
[C] looking forward to a new term was William McKinley
[D] William McKinley looked forward to a new term
解析:D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ed分词相当于一个时间状语从句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”,主句的主语应当是人,所以A和D为可能选项,但A中的look forward to后应跟名词,那么只有D为正确选项。
2. 表示条件
5) ________under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six pointed shape.[A] Seen
[B] Sees
[C] Seeing
[D] To see
解析:A为正确答案。本句的意思是“在显微镜下看,雪花……”,显然这里的看是“被观察”之义。B、C、D都表示主动,A为正确选项。
-ed分词作状语跟-ing作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
1.表示时间
Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.
从远处看,这座山脉象一头狮子。
2.表示原因
Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.
由于受到不公平的批评,她默默地离开了办公室。
3.表示条件
Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well.
如果每天浇一次水,这花会长得很好。
4.表示伴随状况
He stood there, fascinated by the singing.
他站在那儿,被歌声所吸引。
在句子深层结构中,-ed分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果-ed分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,-ed分词短语的`逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/without等引导的介词短语表达出来。如:
The question settled, they left for home.
问题解决了,他们就回家了。
With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a good suggestion.
统观全局,我们认为这是一个好的提议。
6) __________ to steel, chromium(铬) increases the metal's hardness.
[A] Added
[B] In addition
[C]Adding
[D] Adds
解析:A为正确答案。(同上)
7) __________ enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.
[A] Being given
[B] Given
[C] Give
[D] To give
解析:B为正确答案。(同上)
3. 表示原因
8) Encouraged by his mother, ________________________.
[A] art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent
[B] Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art
[C] the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent
[D] John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
解析:D为正确答案。四个选项中,只有D的主语为“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ,而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞),也就是说,只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。
9) __________ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.
[A] Angering
[B] Having angered
[C] Being angry
[D] Angered
解析:D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的“by”短语发生联系,并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。
10) Written in great haste, ____________________.
[A] Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report
[B] there are plenty of errors in the report
[C] we found several mistakes in his report
[D] the books is full of errors.
解析:D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)写得急,……”,所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plenty of errors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应,但与“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的逻辑主语还是“the books”。所以D正确。
4. 表示伴随状况:
-ed分词结构作状语表示伴随状况时,没有适当的分句可替换。
11) ______________ was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834.
[A] Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch
[B] The Dutch settled Brooklyn
[C] Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch
[D] Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn
解析:D为正确答案。从上下文看,空档处的主语应是表示要点的名词(“as a city”),那么A不对;B和C都是一分句,而空档后是谓语部分,它们不作为正确选项。
12) Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, __________ completely to the outside world.
[A] being lost
[B] having lost
[C] losing
[D] lost
解析:D为正确答案。
5. 表示让步
13) Francis Preston Blair, Jr.,__________ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in issouri.
[A] was
[B] he was
[C] although
[D] who he was
解析:C为正确答案。
6. 表示结果
14) _____________ in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.
[A] Found
[B] Finding them
[C] To find them
[D] They are found
解析:正确答案为A。本句的主语为pines(松树) ,这样就排除了B 选项,因为-ING分词表主动,而“松树”不可能是“找”(find)这个动作的逻辑主语,即动作发出者。故只有A“found”(被发现) 的逻辑主语与“pines”一致,应选A。
7. 表示目的
15) They should be kept here ___________ this matter.
[A] informing about
[B] be informed
[C] be informed of
[D] informed of
解析:D为正确答案。
8. 表示背景和衬托
16) Known for her caricatures(漫画) of the United States society, ______________________.
[A] Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children
[B] the writing and illustrating of books for children by Peggy Brown
[C] children's books were written and illustrated by Peggy Brown
[D] Peggy Brown's writing and illustrating of children's books
解析:A为正确答案。空档前是-ed分词短语,空档处应是主谓俱全句,排除B和D。从-ED分词短语中(Known for her …)可知,主句的主语是人而不是物,所以C也不对。
17) Well known as a splendid pianist in Boston, _______________.
A] we all are pleased to hear Mr. Anderson's concerto(小协奏曲)
[B] a concerto was composed by Mr. Anderson
[C] Mr. Anderson composed a concerto
[D] Mr. Anderson's concerto was composed
解析:C为正确答案。(同上)
四、-ed分词在复合结构中
Don't get your schedule changed; stay with us in this class.
Peter had his gas and electricity turned on when he moved into his new apartment last month.
He kept his mouth shut and stayed where he was.(他闭口不言,呆在原地不动。)
They are talking about the experiment made in the new lab.
五、独立结构
如果-ed分词短语与-ing短语带有与句子主语不同的主语,即本短语自己本身带有主语,这就构成了独立结构(也叫独立主格结构或垂悬结构),这种结构也可作状语表示时间,原因等。有时在独立结构前还可加介词with 或 without。
Her eyes fil
led with tears, she did not notice his coming.
18) This ________, we went out to play.
[A] was done
[B] did
[C] was dong
[D] done
解析:D为正确答案。A是不对的,如果we前加上and,才能选A。
19) _______ all his followers dead, the commander was taken by his enemy.
[A] For
[B] As
[C] Because of
[D] With
解析:D为正确答案。
;
分词的用法总结
1. 分词作定语
1) 分词作定语既可以放在所修饰的词之前,作前置定语,也可以放在所修饰的词后面,作后置定语。其作用相当于一个定语从句。例如:
Where are the reserved seats? (=Where are the seats which have been reserved?)
预定的座位在哪里?
This is a pressing problem. (=This is a problem which is pressing.)
这是一个紧迫的问题。
2) 分词作后置定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的中心词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的中心词分开)两种,其作用分别相当于一个限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。例如:
The funds raised (= which have been raised) are mainly used for helping the homeless.
筹集的资金主要用来帮助那些无家可归的人。
There are many students waiting (= who are waiting) to get examined.
有许多学生在等待检查。
This book, written (= which is written) in simple English, is suitable for beginners.
本书是用浅显的英语写的,适合初学者。
3) 分词常和形容词、副词或名词构成合成形容词作定语。例如:
The flower-carrying girl must be waiting for someone.
那位手持鲜花的姑娘一定在等人。
The newly-built building is our office building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。
4) 有些不及物动词的过去分词作定语,并不表示被动的意思而是表示完成。这类过去分词常作前置修饰语。例如:
There are a lot of fallen leaves in autumn.
秋天有许多落叶。
The film describes the story about the police who pursue an escaped man.
这部电影描述的是警察抓逃犯的事。
常用的这一类词有:fallen, faded, returned, retired, risen, grown up, vanished等。
2. 分词作宾语补足语
1) 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如:
When they returned home from the holiday, they found their house stolen.
当他们度假完回到家时,发现房子被盗了。(过去分词表示被动)
We want this work finished quickly.
我们要求这项工作很快完成。
2) 在复合宾语中,用现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;用过去分词作宾补,表示宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn't make himself heard.
由于十分吵闹,讲话人没法让人听到他的声音。
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒来的时候发现一位老大娘正在照顾他。
3. 分词作状语
1) 分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式或伴随状况。通常可转换成相应的状语从句;表示方式或伴随状况的可以转换成并列句或非限制性定语从句。例如:
Confined to bed (= Because she was confined to bed), she needed to be waited on in everything.
她卧病在床,什么事都需要人伺候。(作原因状语)
Having only book knowledge (= If you only have book knowledge), you will not be
able to work well.
如果只有书本知识,你就不可能做好工作。(作条件状语)
They stood there waiting for the bus. (=They stood there and waited for the bus.)
他们站在那里等公共汽车。(作方式状语)
2) 现在分词和过去分词作状语时的用法比较
不管是现在分词还是过去分词作状语,如果单独作状语,其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致。分词作状语通常可以转换成一个相应的状语从句,如果状语从句中的谓语动词为被动结构,就用过去分词;如果状语从句中的谓语动词为主动结构,就用现在分词。有时为了强调,分词前可带连词when, while, if, though, as if, unless等一起作状语,以便使句子的意思更清楚、更连贯。例如:
Working hard (If you work hard), you will succeed.
如果你努力,你会成功的。
Defeated (= Though he was defeated), he remained a popular boxer.
虽然他被击败了,但他仍然是一个受人喜爱的拳击手。
4. 分词的独立结构
1) 分词作状语时,要特别注意其逻辑主语必须和谓语动词的主语一致。否则,分词必须有自己的主语,这种带主语的分词被称为分词的独立结构,或叫独立主格。在句中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件等。例如:
The project finished, they had a two weeks' leave.
完成那个计划后,他们休了两周假。
He being absent, nothing could be done.
由于他缺席,什么事也没法干。
2) 独立结构有时也可以用“with/ without + 名词(或代词的宾语)+ 分词”的结构,表示伴随状况。例如:
They sat there silently, (with) their eyes fixedon the lake.
他们静静地坐在那里,眼睛看着湖面。
With him helping me, I felt lucky.
有他的帮助,我感到很幸运。
非谓语过去分词的用法总结
分词的用法:分词也是一种限定动词,分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征,又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化,又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用,作表语也十分普遍。
一、分词的作用:分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。 分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前,称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后,称为后置定语。
二、分词的独立主格结构:分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,否则,就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。。当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时,则用现在分词的完成式,当所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生,则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when,once,although,until,if等从属连词。
分词用法
1、作状语。
分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。
分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。
当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时, 则用现在分词的完成式,当所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生, 则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。
2、作定语。
分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语,置于被修饰词的后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
3、作宾语补足语。
现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及使役动词have后面,与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分,有三种形式,即动词原形,现在分词和过去分词。
动词原形表主动和完成,现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成。
4、作表语。
分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物。
扩展资料
分词尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点。
如时态、语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾词的性能。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
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